文章作者 无名 发表时间 2004:12:05 23:51:42
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Industrial Agriculture Must Give Way to Sustainable Farming
From Agribusiness Examiner #297 10/29/03
By Al Krebs
THAYNE COZART: The proclaimed economic and societal benefits of a worldwide industrial agriculture system wouldnt measure up very well when compared to a sustainable agriculture system if an evaluation of the industrial system honestly measured all of its "external costs" against its claimed benefits.
That was the primary point driven home by Jules Pretty, professor and
director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of
Essex in England, during a seminar to students and faculty who packed a
classroom at Iowa State University October 20.
The topic of Prettys seminar was "Rethinking Agri-Culture as if the Real
World Matters." The seminar was sponsored by the Energy Initiative of ISUs Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture and the ISU bioethics program.
Pretty, who also is editor of the Journal of Sustainability, contended that
"those who support industrialized agriculture measure its success in narrow
economic terms of food price and availability and tend to ignore its costly
unintended consequences to society and the environment."
He added, "They are not being seriously challenged to give a full
accounting. We are trying at the Centre to change that by scientifically
measuring or estimating in Britain what we call the externalities of
industrialized agriculture and also the full benefits of a sustainable ag
system."
In the British study, some of those industrial ag externalities evaluated
were: water pollution from farm waste, soil nutrients, erosion, and
pesticides； loss of landscape and biodiversity； food-borne diseases； air
pollution from gaseous emissions； unnecessary transportation costs of food；human dislocation from rural to urban； rural community decline； poor human diets and obesity, and cost of direct government subsidies.
In his study, the annual costs of these externalities during the 1990s
totaled 1.54 billion pounds (approximately U.S. $2.6 billion). "Britain had
to spend this to deal with the effects of industrial ag, so this cost is a
hidden subsidy from the public to polluters," Pretty emphasized.
Some of the sustainable ag benefit he tried to evaluate were: landscape
aesthetics, biodiversity, clean water, flood protection, carbon
sequestration, rural economy, and community cohesion.
The largest value ascribed to a positive benefits from sustainable ag
practices was 14 billion pounds (U.S. $23.7 billion) for rural landscape
services (tourism). In Britain, the annual value for rural tourism
outstripped the total value of all the food produced nearly 10-fold.
Harder to measure, but valuable none-the-less, according to Pretty, were
wetland benefits for flood protection, waste treatment, and wildlife habitats； energy savings on transportation, and carbon sequestration to reduce global warming.
"In determining future world agriculture policies, the keys," said Pretty,
"are finding ways to encourage polluters to reduce or pay for the costs of
the negative aspects of their system, while also finding ways to reward
farmers for the positive aspects of a sustainable system. I think a carrot
may work better than a stick in many cases."
Pretty sees hope for a gradually shifting world food-production systems from industrialized to sustainable and multifunctional. "Its a myth that the
world cant produce enough food from sustainable, local food systems for its population --- just like its a myth that hunger and starvation are based on world food shortages, when the truth is hunger is based on poverty and the inequities and economies of food distribution," he said.
He bases his hope on his groups study of 208 sustainable ag projects in 52
nations around the globe. He said nearly nine million farmers --- most in
Africa, Asia and Latin America --- have adopted sustainable ag practices and
technologies on nearly 30 million hectares (70 million acres), an increase
of 56% in three years. He claimed that in most of these projects, both the
quantity and quality of food increased, as well as local economies.
To keep increasing sustainable food systems around the world, Pretty listed
five key principles: Substitute management skills and knowledge for costly
inputs； build on-farm biodiversity and soil health； organize into
like-minded groups； add value to commodities, and sell directly to
consumers.
"We also need to re-establish our connections to the land and between
producers and consumers," he summarized. "We need to rebuild a land and food ethic. And, remember, our choices as consumers make differences to people, nature and communities. The most political decision you make as a consumer is now how you vote, but how and where you buy food."
He concluded by stating that so-called "cheap food" is very expensive
because its paid for in many ways: (1) at the market； (2) through taxes for
subsidies； (3) through environmental cleanup costs； (4) through treating
diet-based human health concerns, and (5) through economically diminished rural communities. ；