四、介词 1、介词短语 according to ahead of apart from by means of but for because of due to except for for the sake of in addition to instead of in front of in spite of in the name of on behalf of prior to with regard to owing to由于 2、分词介词 concerning including past regarding 3、介词用法比较 3.1 表示时间的介词at， on， in， after， for， since， by， till， until， during ①at表示确切时间点或较短的一段时间；in表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间； on表示具体的某天或某天上午或下午；during表示一段时间，强调时间的延续。 at 4：30 （noon， dawn， midnight……） on Sunday （Oct.1……） on Saturday afternoon （an autumn evening……） ***in the afternoon on Sunday at Christmas in （during） 1987 （December， the 19th century……） during my military service （the trip） The job was done in a week. ②He will be back in two hours. He will be back after two o’clock. ③I stayed in London （for） two days on my way to New York. since 1950 （then） ④By noon， everybody had （will have） arrived there. 到中午的时候，大家都（将）到那儿了。 from 1985 to 1996 ⑤He waited till（until）5 o’clock. They stayed until （till） after the meeting. （肯定句中表示：直到…时候） Until now I knew nothing about it. Jack didn’t come home until / till about 11. （否定句中表示：直到…才） 3.2表示地点、位置的介词in， at， round， around， beyond， on， beneath， over， under， above， below， up， down， before， behind， between， among， amid（st） ①The car pulled up at the gate.车停在大门口 She lives at No. 52 Hazel Avenue. They have arrived in Peking. What is in the box？ ②He put a necklace （a）round her neck. He is making a trip round the world. ③beyond表示在…以外： There is a village beyond the hill. ④on：在…（平面）上；beneath：在…（平面）下： There is a book on the desk. The submarine can run very fast beneath the sea. ⑤over：在（垂直）上方； under：在（垂直）下方： There is a lamp over the table. The peasants are having a rest under the tree. ⑥above：在…上方； below：在…下方： The plane is flying above the clouds. The sun sank below the horizon. ⑦before：在…前面；after：在…后面 （两者具有动态意义） Don’t put the cart before the horse.莫本末倒置。 The object should be placed after the verb. ***in front of和behind表示静态意义的位置。 The car was parked in front of the building. There is a garden behind the house. ⑧between：在（两者）之间：Is there any difference between the two words？ among：在（两者以上）之间：They visited the temple among the hills. amid（st）：在…之间（含有被不同之物包围之意），可接复数名词或不可数名词： The soldiers charged forward amid（st） the enemy bullets. 3.3表示方向、方位的介词to，in，for， at ① in在…面（包含在其中）： Shanghai lies in the east of China. to在…部（不包含在其中）： Japan lies to the east of China. on 两地接壤： Vietnam lies on the south of China. ②leave， start， depart等词后加for，表示目的地：He will leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 3.4表示空间运动的介词along， across， through， over， up， down， from， to， into， out of ①along沿着： They are taking a walk along the street. across横过： Dare you swim across the river？ ②through（从中间穿过）： They drove through the city （tunnel） over越过： The plane flew over the city. ③up向上方： He ran up the stairs. down向下方： The ship is sailing down the river. ④He received a letter from abroad. She stood up and walked to the window. 3.5表示工具、方法和手段的介词with， by， in， through， on 1）with表示工具，方式（抽象），也可表示材料： Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the situation with great courage. 2）by表示途径或手段： Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can get energy by burning fuel. 3） in表示方式： Can you do the experiment in another way？ Cloth is often measured in metres. 4） through表示途径，手段，与by接近： He became rich through hard work. 3.6表示原因的介词because of， owing to， due to（一般不位于句首）， on account of， at， for， from， with， of eg. The flight was cancelled due to the fog. We rejoiced at their great achievements. He was punished for stealing. They are suffering from starvation and disease. She was red with shame. The man died of lung cancer.直接原因 The soldier died from a bad wound.间接原因 3.7除了…：besides， except， except for， but， apart from（意思较广） Besides English， they also study math， physics and chemistry. He answered all the questions except （but） the last one. Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.整体中除去一个细节 The enemy had no choice but to surrender. ***but for表示：要不是因为，倘若没有，常用于虚拟语气表示含蓄条件。 3.8表示让步的介词in spite of， despite， after all， for all， with all The children continued to play in the garden despite the rain. With all his achievements， he remains modest and prudent.谦虚谨慎 For all his faults， we still like him.