七、非谓语动词（不定式、分词、动名词） （一）不定式 1、一般用法 1）作主语： To say something is one thing， to do it is another.说是一码事，干是另一码事。 ***形式主语it It is not fair to blame them for the accident. 2）作表语： My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. 3）作宾语： He offered to go with us.他提出和我们一起去。 ***形式宾语it We found it impossible to get everything ready in advance. I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings. 4）作宾语或主语的补足语： Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer. The suspected man was seen to enter the building. 此类动词还有如ask， advise， allow， compel， encourage， hear， intend， lead， inspire， order， persuade等。 ***hope， demand， suggest不可接不定式作宾补，但可跟that引出的宾语从句。 He hoped that I would give him more help. The doctor suggests that my father （should） stop smoking. ***在see， hear， look at， listen to， feel， observe， watch， notice等感官动词， 以及let， make， have 等动词后面的不定式要省掉to .但注意在其被动语态中，作为主补的不定式要加上to. We are made to write a composition every week by the teacher. 5）构成复合谓语结构： ① "be said （reported， known…） 不定式"可换成： it is said （reported， known…）that… Shanxi Province is known to have rich coal reserves. = It is known that Shanxi …… ② seem （happen， appear， prove， tend） 不定式 I happened to be out when she called. 碰巧出去了 ③ be likely （certain， sure， willing， anxious， ready， bound， eager， reluctant） 不定式 They are likely to succeed. She is always ready to help others. 6）作定语（一般为后置修饰语） He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about. ①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语：ability， agreement， ambition， attempt， claim， decision， hope， intention， failure， need， refusal， plan， promise， tendency， wish， willingness， threat， anxiety His attempt to solve the problem failed again. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. ② the first， second， last， only （thing）， best （thing）等后面常跟不定式作定语。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. What is the best thing to do？ 7）作状语（表示目的，原因，结果等） They will go to the station to meet the guests. We are overjoyed to see you. 常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有： happy， glad， relieved， astonished， amazed， overjoyed， surprised， sad 不定式也可作结果状语，仅限于learn得知， find发现， see看见， hear听见，to be told被告知， make使得等具有界限含义的动词， only to常表示令人不快的结果。 He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged. I hurried to Professor Wang’s house only to find he was out. ①不定式与in order to， so as to连用，作目的状语；与so（such）… as to连用，作目的状语和结果状语。 In order to catch the train， he hurried through his work. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. ②不定式与enough和too…to连用，作程度状语。 ③all too， only too…加不定式不表示否定的意思： I’m only too pleased to help you.我非常愿意帮助你。 8）插入语： To be fair， he has worked hard these days. We don’t like your idea， to tell you the truth. 2、注意问题： 1）不定式的逻辑主语 （1） for 名词或代词宾语 不定式：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. （2） 不定式独立结构：He proposed a picnic， he himself to pay the railway tickets， and John to provide the food. 在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后，用of引出不定式的逻辑主语： It was wise of him to do that. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation. 常见的这类形容词有： absurd荒唐的 bold大胆的 brave勇敢的 clever聪明的 courageous有勇气的 rude无礼的 considerate考虑周到的 foolish愚蠢的 honest诚实的 polite有礼貌的 silly傻的 grateful感激的 wicked邪恶的 thoughtful体贴的 careless粗心的 right正确的 2）不定式的否定式： not to do They decided not to give up trying. 3）连接词 不定式： He will tell us how to use the library. 4）省 to 的不定式 ①口语以 why 开头的简单句： Why not go out for a walk？ Why do it that way？ ②had better， would rather…（than）， would…rather than， would sooner…（than）， can not but…， can’t help but…， may（might） as well习惯用法 Rather than beg in the street， he would prefer to die of hunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。 I could’t help but wait for the next bus to come.我不得不等下一趟车。 ***③do nothing/anything/everything but （except） Last night I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm. ****其他的谓语形式要用to ： There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 3、不定式的"体"式和语态 体式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing ⑴体式 ①I am sorry to hear the news.（不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后，或同时发生） ②They seem to be having a meeting. （不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生） ③The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before.（不定式先于谓语动作） ⑵语态 ①出现动作的执行者，用主动式：I have a meeting to attend. 否则用被动语态：Here are the clothes to be washed. ②在"表语（或宾语补足语） 不定式"结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式： They found Professor Jones’ lecture hard to understand. She is nice to talk to. ③习惯用法：None of us was to blame for that. The dog was nowhere to be found. （二）分词（现在分词和过去分词） 比较： 剥削阶级the exploiting class 被剥削阶级the exploited class 正在采花的女孩the girl gathering flowers 今天早晨采集的花the flowers gathered this morning 落叶fallen leaves 凋谢的花faded flowers 开水boiled water 新到的商品newly arrived goods 1、一般用法 1）作表语，现在分词常表示特性，过去分词常表示状态。 His argument is very convincing. 他的论点很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news. 2）作定语 Don’t disturb the sleeping child. The arrested murderer will be tried soon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。 分词作定语的位置 You may ask the lady （who is） sitting at the desk. Those （who have been） elected as committee members will attend the meeting. （当选为委员的人） 3）作宾语（或主语）的补足语 He likes to sit on the beach and watch the sea gulls flying. （海鸥） The work left everyone exhausted. 4）作状语 Hearing the knock on the door， they stopped talking. （= When they heard…。） Asked to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film. （= As I was asked to…。） They stood there waiting for the bus. （and were waiting…。） The bandits fled into the mountains， pursued by the policemen. （and were pursued…。） 5） 分词的独立结构 The rain having stopped， the soldiers continued their march. The boys returned， their face covered with sweat. 演变： The teacher entered the classroom， a bag （being） in his hand. He stopped and turned about， his eyes （being） brightly proud. Breakfast over， he went to his office. She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on. 6） 作插入语 Generally speaking， I prefer rice to noodles. Judging from his accent， he must be a southerner. 2、体式和语态 Having been there many times， he offered to be our guide. Not having made adequate preparations， we postponed the sports meet. Having studied hard during the term， he passed the exam. He is said to have studied hard and passed the exam. Who is the patient being operated on？ （二）动名词 1、一般用法 1）作主语和表语 Seeing is believing. My hobby is collecting stamps. （1） 形式主语it It is no use/good quarreling with her. Is it worthwhile trying again？ （2） There is no V-ing There is no joking about this matter. 2） 作宾语 He enjoys listening to classical music. We must avoid making such mistakes again.