第四部分:条件句中的虚拟语气 第一节:if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。 一、if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断 1、可以把条件句分为两类: 1)、真实条件句(Sentences of Real Condition):凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大,就是真实条件句。例如: ⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。 ⑵、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话,你一定要指出来。 ⑶、If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.(如果有时间的话,我们就一起去钓鱼。) 2)、虚拟条件句(Sentences of Unreal Condition):当假设是不大可能实现时,就是虚拟条件句。例如: ⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话,就去参加会议了。 ⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话,就会看见他的老朋友。 ⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.(如果昨天下雨的话,我们就会留在家里。) 2、、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的 条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是: ①与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 ②与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 ③与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例: ⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. ⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. ⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out. 4、注意事项 ①if条件句中如有were, should, had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序。 ②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were. 二、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法: (一)、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为: 从句:if 主语 动词的过去式(be 用were) …… 主句:主语 would (should, could , might) 动词原形 …… 例: 1.If I were you, I would go with him. 2.If the weather were fine, I would go there. 如果天气好,我去那儿。(事实天气不好) 3.If I were you, I would read it again. 如果我是你的话,我再读一遍。(事实上我不是你) 4.If time permitted, I would write it again. 如果时间允许的话,我再写一遍。(事实上时间不允许) 5.If it weren‘t snowing, we wouldn’t stay in the house. 要是现在不下雪的话,我们就不会待在屋里。(事实上现在下雪) 6.What would I do if I were in your place? 要是我处于你地位我会怎么办?(事实上我不在你的位置上) 7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。(可是他不着急) 8.If it weren‘t for your help, we would get into trouble.