《2008考研英语毕金献冲刺试题解析》试卷一

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毕金献2008年考研英语模拟试题一知识运用部分 参考答案及解析

毕金献2008年考研英语模拟试题一阅读理解部分 参考答案及解析

毕金献2008年考研英语模拟试题一写作部分 参考答案及解析

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　　全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS CandidatesModel Test 1

　　毕金献命制

　　考生注意事项

　　- 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。

　　- 答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息。

　　- 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。

　　★英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡1上。填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

　　★阅读理解C节的答案和作文必须用(蓝)黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡2上作答。字迹要清楚。

　　- 考试结束后，将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，试题交给监考人员。

　　做 题 提 醒

　　- 本试卷严格按照最新考纲的要求编写，针对性、权威性强，信度高，是备考训练的精品。

　　- 建议以临战状态进行自测，结束后仔细核对答案，自己评分并找出薄弱环节，在以后的复习中重点突破。

　　考试时间180分钟 满分100分 得分 英语冲刺试题1

　　Section ⅠUse of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the earth is finite, 1 absolute scarcity. but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different 2. Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes. 3 the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4 must cause it to become less available for other uses.

　　The cost of a product 5 money may not measure its true cost 6 society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the 7 of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a 8. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources. it means the 9 of an opportunity to produce something else. In 10 how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the 11 of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.

　　In a market 12 the price of a good and the quantity 13 depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, 14, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism 15 this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other 16 used up in producing them. But the price of these 17, in turn, depends on what they can produce 18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are 19 highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up 20.

　　1. \[A\] composing\[B\] imposing\[C\] exposing\[D\] disposing

　　2. \[A\] uses\[B\] ways\[C\] areas\[D\] forms

　　3. \[A\] since\[B\] unless\[C\] as\[D\] if

　　4. \[A\] plant\[B\] firm\[C\] process\[D\] procedure

　　5. \[A\] in regard to\[B\] in terms of\[C\] in view of\[D\] in relation to

　　6. \[A\] to\[B\] in\[C\] on\[D\] of

　　7. \[A\] charge\[B\] expense\[C\] price\[D\] value

　　8. \[A\] product\[B\] purpose\[C\] result\[D\] rule

　　9. \[A\] diminishing\[B\] abandoning\[C\] discarding\[D\] substituting

　　10. \[A\] deciding\[B\] assessing\[C\] predicting\[D\] projecting

　　11. \[A\] wants\[B\] desires\[C\] premises\[D\] facilities

　　12. \[A\] state\[B\] system\[C\] condition\[D\] economy

　　13. \[A\] presented\[B\] delivered\[C\] supplied\[D\] forwarded

　　14. \[A\] accordingly\[B\] ultimately\[C\] consequently\[D\] practically

　　15. \[A\] formulates\[B\] regulates\[C\] enhances\[D\] enforces

　　16. \[A\] components\[B\] substances\[C\] elements\[D\] materials

　　17. \[A\] outputs\[B\] inputs\[C\] goods\[D\] articles

　　18. \[A\] anyway\[B\] somehow\[C\] somewhere\[D\] elsewhere

　　19. \[A\] appraised\[B\] appealed\[C\] approved\[D\] approached

　　20. \[A\] passionately\[B\] unanimously\[C\] spontaneously\[D\] correspondingly

　　Section ⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

　　Text1

　　Can computer reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of errorfree logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recent research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.

　　AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.

　　One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the systems design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactors design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.

　　The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist “expert systems” that are specialpurpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be duplicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.

　　Will the computer replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas, which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.21. The author suggests in Par.1 that humans are

　　\[A\] liable to irrational thinking.\[B\] apt to err in simple counting.

　　\[C\] prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\] subject to unwitting reasoning.

　　22. The way AURA works in is to

　　\[A\] explore the faults in designing.\[B\] discover the bugs in a program.

　　\[C\] state against the set suppositions.\[D\] make assumptions by reasoning.

　　23. All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT

　　\[A\] electronic engineering.\[B\] detection of fossil fuels.

　　\[C\] identification of diseases.\[D\] complicated mental logic.

　　24. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT

　　\[A\] they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\] they are featured by selfanalysis.

　　\[C\] they may be enriched in contents.\[D\] they are reproduced almost free.

　　25. The best title for the text seems to be

　　\[A\] Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\] Suggested Applications for AURA.

　　\[C\] The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\] Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.

　　Text2

　　Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.

　　Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Englishlanguage teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.

　　Mr.Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for Englishlanguage teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.

　　It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.

　　Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English.“Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”

　　“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”

　　The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would 0drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.

　　Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“Englishlanguage students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multilingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”

　　The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multilingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be

　　［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.

　　［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.

　　［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.

　　［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.

　　27. According to the text,“linguistic globalization” will

　　［A］ eliminate French from the globe.

　　［B］ defeat other European languages.

　　［C］ fail all languages except English.

　　［D］ make English the biggest winner.

　　28. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will

　　［A］ terminate within half a century.

　　［B］ climax in the middle of the century.

　　［C］ endure for no less than five decades.

　　［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.

　　29. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT

　　［A］ the educational condition and policy.

　　［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.

　　［C］ the statistics about population.

　　［D］ the movements of overseas students.

　　30. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to

　　［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.

　　［B］ lead to the 0drop of interest in English study.

　　［C］ account for the further spread of English.

　　［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.

　　Text3

　　In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purists definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sectors performance as producer.

　　Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.

　　Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.

　　This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.

　　One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.

　　The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.

　　Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists

　　\[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private.

　　\[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization.

　　\[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations.

　　\[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise.

　　32. Since 1980s, there has been

　　\[A\] broad international support for privatization.

　　\[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.

　　\[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.

　　\[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..

　　33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of

　　\[A\] attaining political stability.

　　\[B\] making major policy shifts.

　　\[C\] upgrading basic urban economy.

　　\[D\] enhancing production efficiency.

　　34. The authors appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries

　　\[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital.

　　\[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.

　　\[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.

　　\[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.

　　35. The authors primary intention is to

　　\[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.

　　\[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.

　　\[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.

　　\[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.

　　Text4

　　Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the lowincome family structure.

　　If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.

　　The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.

　　Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners socialeconomic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfarerelated instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36. The text is written with the aim of

　　\[A\] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.

　　\[B\] discussing the fathers role in the family.

　　\[C\] advocating reforms in the welfare system.

　　\[D\] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.

　　37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is

　　\[A\] liable for most divorces.\[B\] on the verge of collapse.

　　\[C\] to become obsolete.\[D\] unjust to the needy.

　　38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on

　　\[A\] the steady income of the couple.

　　\[B\] the balance of both sides property.

　　\[C\] the difference in spousal contributions.

　　\[D\] the benefits from government subsidies.

　　39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT

　　\[A\] the expenditure of child support.

　　\[B\] the loss of property upon divorce.

　　\[C\] the greater consumption of married people.

　　\[D\] the welfare provision for divorced women.

　　40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

　　\[A\] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.

　　\[B\] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.

　　\[C\] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.

　　\[D\] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.Part B

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph(41～45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.

　　［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.

　　［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.

　　［D］ God helps those who help themselves.

　　［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?

　　［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.

　　Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.

　　One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.

　　It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.

　　The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know.that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick.people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity.war or some other pollution may do us in.45.

　　Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.

　　We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.

　　Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.

　　The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.

　　Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.

　　Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.

　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

　　Do not write the address.(10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the picture briefly,

　　2) explain its intended meaning, and then

　　3) make your comments and suggestions.

　　答案与解析：

　　Model Test 1

　　Section Ⅰ Use of English

　　1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing

　　［解析］ 由所给出的选项可知，此处需一现在分词作伴随状语，相当于次要谓语，说明“地球表面有限”与“绝对资源短缺”的关系。据此判断，［B］“强加(带来，造成)”表明这种“绝对短缺”是一种自然状况，是我们无法改变的，用在此处最恰当。

　　［A］“组／构成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；处理”，四个词的词根相同，词义各异，形成双重干扰。

　　2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses

　　［解析］ 仅从与介词“in”的搭配上看，四个选项皆可用，但据其下文看，涉及的都是资源的应用问题，故此题答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫属。

　　［B］“方法／式”，［C］“领域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。

　　3. ［答案］ \[D\] if

　　［解析］ 上句说明了“相对资源短缺”的一个意义。此句则解释它的另一意义：投入资源的数量是有限的，它用于制造某种产品上的数量增加，必然导致在其他应用上的减少。由此判断，［D］“如果”表示一般条件，为正确答案。

　　［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因为”，皆不合句意逻辑。

　　4. ［答案］ \[C\] process

　　［解析］ 由上题的分析可知，此题答案应是［C］“过程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生产某物的过程”。

　　［A］“工厂”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不适用。

　　5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of

　　［解析］ 据句意判断，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的唯一选项。介词短语“in terms of money”修饰“the cost of a product”,意为“一产品的货币成本。”

　　［A］“关／至于”，［C］“鉴／由于”，［D］“关系到”，均不可取。

　　6. ［答案］ \[A\] to

　　［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意为“……的费用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意为“……所付出的费用／代价”。依句意此处自然应选［A］。此句句意：“一产品的货币成本不能表明社会付出的实际代价。”下句以实例对此作了进一步说明。

　　7. ［答案］ \[D\] value

　　［解析］ 此空处于表语地位，应与其主语“the true cost”相呼应，故答案非［D］“价值；(公平的)代价”莫属。

　　［A］“要价；收费”，［B］“花费；开支”，［C］“价格／钱”，皆不适用。

　　8. ［答案］ \[C\] result

　　［解析］ 将各选项分别代入句中：［A］“as a product”(作为一种产品)，［B］“as a purpose”(作为一种用途)，［C］“as a result”(作为结果；因此)，［D］“as a rule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速喷气式飞机的实际成本，就是因此而不能建造许多学校和冰箱的代价。”

　　9. ［答案］ \[B\] abandoning

　　［解析］ 此题的前一句指出，“每项生产活动都消耗掉一部分社会可用资源”，这意味着什么呢？［B］“不得不放／舍弃”用于此处最恰当。

　　［A］“减少”，［C］“丢／抛弃”，［D］“替／取代”均不合句意。

　　10. ［答案］ \[A\] deciding

　　［解析］ 根据上一句的论断，此句提出建议，故［A］“对……作出抉择”为顺理成章的答案。

　　［B］“评价”，［C］“预测”，［D］“规划”，均不恰当。

　　11. ［答案］ \[A\] wants

　　［解析］ 动词satisfy常与needs, demand, wants 等词连用，故［A］“需要(之物)”为当然之选。

　　［B］“愿望”，［C］“前提”，［D］“设施”，皆不可取。

　　12. ［答案］ \[D\] economy

　　［解析］ “market economy”(市场经济)是常用搭配，而economy 又有“(就经济体制而言的)国家”，“经济制度”之意，因而［A］“国家”，［B］“制度”均可排除；［C］“状况”不合句意，故［D］是唯一答案。

　　13. ［答案］ \[C\] supplied

　　［解析］ 此空所需的分词修饰“the quantity”(数量)，选项中只有［C］“供应(生产)”最恰当。

　　［A］“提交”，［B］“运送；交付”，［D］“发送”，均不适用。

　　14. ［答案］ \[B\] ultimately

　　［解析］ 由句意判断，此处的“the cost”显然不同于上句末的“the cost of making it”，而是指其后果造成的代价，故［B］“最终；终极”符合句意逻辑。

　　［A］“因此”，［C］“因此；所以”，［D］“实际上”，均不能入选。

　　15. ［答案］ \[D\] enforces

　　［解析］ 此段第1句阐明了在市场经济体制下商品的制造成本与社会成本之间的连带关系。由此可见，这种关系是市场机制的突出特点。故［D］“加强；强调”用于此处最恰当。

　　［A］“制定；用公式表示”，［B］“控制；调整”，［C］“提高，增加”，均不适用。

　　16. ［答案］ \[C\] elements

　　［解析］ 由“other”可知，此处所需之词不仅指制做皮鞋所需的各种材料，还应包括投入的人工、时间等。故［C］“成分，要素”最具概括性。

　　［A］“构成部分；部件”，［B］“物质／品”，［D］“材料”，均嫌片面。

　　17. ［答案］ \[B\] inputs

　　［解析］ 与上题类似，此处同样需要一个能概括各种要素的词，故［B］“投入”为唯一答案。

　　［A］“产出”，［C］“商品”，［D］“物品”，均与句意相悖。

　　18. ［答案］ \[D\] elsewhere

　　［解析］ 据句意判断，只有［D］“在别处”，意指生产其他商品，符合逻辑。破折号后的句子对此做了具体说明。

　　［A］“无论如何”，［B］“以某种方式”，［C］“在某处”，均不适用。

　　19. ［答案］ \[A\] appraised

　　［解析］ 由后面主句中的“will be bid up”(会被抬高)判断，此处用［A］“评／估价”最恰当。［B］“有吸引力”，非及物动词不可用被动语态，［C］“赞成”，［D］“处理；对付”，皆不合句意。

　　20. ［答案］ \[D\] correspondingly

　　［解析］ 根据“if”从句的句意，此处选用［D］“相应地”最合逻辑。

　　［A］“热诚地”，［B］“一致地”，［C］“自发地”，皆不合句意逻辑。

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　21. A［解析］ 第1段第2句指出，人们常犯错误，这里指的不是因粗心而将两数字加错或因遗忘而发生的简单错误，而是指逻辑性错误，即由不正确的推理产生的错误。据此判断，A项“易于进行不合逻辑的思考”为句意的合理推论。

　　B项“容易犯简单的计算错误”，C项“易于出现记忆功能障碍”，D项“经常发生无意的推理”，皆与句意相悖。

　　22. C［解析］ 关于AURA的工作方式，第2、3段做了介绍：AURA用复杂技术发现矛盾的办法解决各种问题。例如：核反应堆的安全系统设定，当其器械发生故障时立即关闭该反应堆，AURA对它检测时发出在这些情况下该系统不关闭反应堆的指令。如果AURA发现它的指令与该系统的设计规定相矛盾，这就证明该反应堆的设计在这方面是符合要求的。据此判断，C项“发出与设计规定相反的指令”与句意一致。

　　A项“探查设计上的缺陷”，B项“发现程序中的错误”，D项“通过推论做出假定”，均与句意相左。

　　23. D［解析］ AURA的应用领域见于第4段：AURA目前主要用于电子线路设计的正确性检测。将来还有许多其他用途，如医疗诊断的“专家系统”，预测钻探石油场地的专家程序等。由此判断，D项“复杂的思想逻辑”文中未提，为所需答案。

　　A项“电子工程”，B项“探测矿物燃料”，C项“诊断疾病”，文中均提到，应排除。

　　24. B［解析］ 专家程序的“advantages”亦见于第4段：现有的医疗诊断“专家系统”可不断改进，可无限期地使用，可极廉价地复制；钻探石油的专家程序也可无限次地复制。由此可知，B项“它们的特点是能自我分析”，文中未见，为应选答案。

　　A项“它们可无限地复制”，C项“它们的内容可不断充实”，D项“它们几乎可免费复制”，均在文中提到，可以排除。

　　25. D［解析］ 文章的“title”必须体现它的主旨。此文主旨是介绍名为AURA(自动推理助手)的计算机程序，它以各种推理方式得出正确无误的结论，帮助人类检测各种设计和程序是否存在缺陷，从而避免许多错误。据此判断，D项“人类推理的计算机助手”符合此文主旨。

　　A项“计算机的实际用途”，B项“AURA的推荐应用”，C项“AURA的完美技术”，皆不体现此文主旨。

　　26. C［解析］ 通读全文可知，此文是对一篇题为The Future of English的研究报告的介绍，该报告对英语教学在世界范围的发展做了预估。据题干中的“in a decade”可知，此题答案应在第一段。该段第2句说，今后10年中将有20亿人学英语，30亿人说英语。我们知道，目前世界人口有60亿，50亿占其中83%。由此可知，C项中的“over 80%”与此相符，其中popular with意为well liked by people(受人们喜爱的/接受的)涵盖了learn 和speak,为正确答案。

　　A项的200 million(2亿)与Two billion (20亿)相差10倍。B项的global(全球的)未免过分。D项的master(learn or understand sth. completely精通；掌握)并非一般的learn 或speak所能达到的。故皆不可取。

　　27. D［解析］ 题干中的“linguistic globalization”(语言全球化运动)出自第2段第1句。该句说，“其他语言，例如法语，有成为‘语言全球化运动’牺牲品的危险”。文章末段又说，英语并非是惟一广泛传播的语言。据此判断，D项说法最为妥当。其余3项皆与文意不符。

　　28. A［解析］ 题干中的thriving period相当于第2段第2句中的boom(风靡期)。请注意介词“by 时间名词”意为not later than.before(不迟于；在……之前)。据此，只有A项与“by 2050”意思相符。其余3项皆超出了此意。

　　29. B［解析］ 题干中的factored sth. in(=included sth. in把……因素包括在内)出现在第4段末，答案必在该段。该段第1句说，此报告是compiled by looking at various estimates from the Unesco on…(在仔细核查了联合国科教文组织对……提出的各种估计数字的基础上编写的)，并未提到B项中的directions(提示)和designs(计划)，故B项应属EXCEPT之列。

　　A、C、D三项皆可在该段找到根据，其中C项相当于文中的demographic projections(人口统计预测)。

　　30. C［解析］ 题干中outsourcing(外购/包)一词出现在第6、7两段。第6段说，……由于外包合同有利可图，一些有包工竞争力的国家，从幼儿园开始就大力推行英语教学。第7段则进一步说，外购所提供的潜在财源使得马来西亚中学里的数学和理科课程都在用英语教授。据此，只有C项体现了此意。

　　A项的English subjects 意为“英语科目”。B项与文意相悖。D项的transition(转变)与文意不符，文中只说有更多的大学选择用英语授课。

　　31. D［解析］题干中economic purists(纯粹派／传统经济学家)出现在第1段第2句。该句指出，近年来政府已扩大了所提供商品的种类，其中许多品种不符合传统经济学家对“公用商品”的定义。据此推断，选项D“对公用商品有严格的说明”符合句意。

　　A项 “反对将商品由公用变为私用”，B项“支持重大的私有化改革”，C项“只赞成发达国家的私有化”，均不合句意。

　　32. A［解析］ 题干中since 1980s表明此题考查对第2段末句或第3段的理解。第2段末句表明，美国自20世纪80年代以来进行了更大规模的私有化，而D项“美国最大限度依赖私有资本”与句意不符，应予排除。第3段第1句说，与此潮流同时出现的是国际双边援助机构大力支持发展中国家更依靠私有经济。据此，A项“国际上对私有化的广泛支持”为可取答案。

　　B项“穷国私有化的大量证据”，C项“援助机构对私有化的支持”，未说明donor agencies的性质，均与文意不符。

　　33. D［解析］题干中“The authorities of...”相当于第4段第4句中“policy makers in...”，表明了此题的考点所在。选项D“提高生产效率”，相当于该句的(do not...) increase efficiency of providing goods (提高供应商品的效率)，为正确答案。

　　A项“达成政治稳定”，B项“做出重大政策转变”，C项“提高基础城市经济”，均不合句意。

　　34. B［解析］ 题干中的Honduras(洪都拉斯，位于中美洲北部)表明此题针对的是第5、6段。第5段介绍了该国“contracting out”(承包出去)的工程项目。作者的appraisal 在第6段：这种“外包”并未达到预期效果，因为机构障碍和市场的有限竞争阻碍了私人承包者提高质量，而不能降低工程建设所需的时间和费用。据此判断，B项“市场竞争体制尚有许多待改进之处”是恰当选项。

　　A项“直接管理服务业需要更多资金”，C项“私有化在政治上不适合他们的经济”，D项“所需要的是新设施而非‘外包工程’”，皆无依据。

　　35. A［解析］题干中凡有primary intention/purpose/aim, intends to, aims at 或be intended/aimed to 等词语时，都是概括题，要根据全文的主旨大意进行判断。此文以主要篇幅讨论了发展中国家经济私有化中的一些问题。因此，选项A“概述发展中国家经济私有化的主要障碍”是恰当的答案。

　　B项“为经济政策未来转变方式提供解决方案”，C项“论证第三世界应侧重依靠私营经济部门”，D项“说明第三世界国家经济私有化的必要条件”，皆与文意不符。

　　36. A［解析］ 通读全文可知，此文针对许多批评家对当前的福利制度导致家庭不稳定的指责，分析了产生这种情况的原因，并得出了与批评者相反的结论。因此，A项“分析一种现象的原因”正是此文的目的。

　　B项“讨论父亲在家庭中的作用”，C项“支持福利制度的改革”，D项“批评对福利接受者的一些看法”，皆非此文的目的。

　　37. D［解析］ 批评者对福利制度的看法主要表现在第1段。他们认为，现在的福利规章制度foster(促进)家庭不稳定，把贫困的夫妻家庭排除在AFDC(对有子女家庭补助计划)之外，从而助长了家庭的解体，据此，D项“对穷人不公”是应选答案。

　　A项“对大多数离婚负责”，B项“行将失败”，C项“就要过时了”，均言过其实，不合文意。

　　38. C［解析］ 作者在第3段第5句指出，夫妻伴侣关系的利益主要取决于各自给婚姻带来的资源或基本财物的相对差距。生产能力相同的人没有足够的经济“cement”(胶合剂；凝聚力)保持住婚姻关系。因此，婚姻的稳定性主要依赖于C项“夫妻双方(对家庭的)贡献的不同”是符合文意的说法。

　　A项“夫妻双方收入稳定”，B项“夫妻双方财产均衡”，D项“政府的补助金”，皆与文意南辕北辙。

　　39. D［解析］第3段第1句表明，婚姻不幸福的夫妻仍共同生活是因为他们感到对子女负有经济责任，因为离婚费用高昂，或因为结婚享有的消费福利。由此看来，A项“养育孩子的开支”，B项“离婚造成的财产损失”，C项“已婚者较高的消费”，都是perpetuate(使持续不变)婚姻的因素，非本题所需答案。只有D项“给离婚妇女提供的福利”起相反的作用，为所需答案，因为第2段第4句说，满怀爱心的丈夫离婚是为了让妻子儿女享受到公共补助所提供的相关福利。末段末句总结说，家庭不稳定是因为公共补助既降低了结婚补助金，又降低了离婚的费用。

　　40. A［解析］由上述的分析可知，此文的main idea应是A项“福利的规定限制是家庭不稳定的主要原因”。

　　B项“贫困家庭的解体几乎不能归因于无可耐何的父亲”，C项“官方福利金可减缓不断增长的离婚率”，D项“低收入家庭的破裂导致福利权益降低”，皆不可取。

　　Part B

　　［解题思路］ 《2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试-大纲》(非英语专业)在2005年《大纲》的基础上，对阅读理解Part B提出了3种(4个)“备选题型”。

　　第一个备选题型即2005年试题用过的选择匹配题，要求考生从文章(500~600词)后面A—G的7段文字中，选择5段适合文章内容要求者，将答案分别填入文中空白处(41~45)。

　　第二个备选题型是将一篇文章(500~600词)各个段落(7个)的原有顺序打乱，分别标有A—G，其中2段(样题中是文章的首段和末段)已标明在文中的位置。要求考生将其余5段(A—E)按文章内容和结构重新正确排列，将答案分别填入文后空白方格(41~45)中。

　　第三个备选题型是一篇文章(约500词)中5个不完整的段落前各有一概括其内容的小标题(41~45)，文后有6段(A—F)文字，分别是不同段落的举例或阐述，其中有一个是纯干扰段。要求考生选出适合各段内容的不同语段，将答案填入文中的空白处。

　　第四个备选题型是在一篇文章(约500词)之前有6个(A—F)概括性语句或标题(headings)，在文章的5个自然段前各有一个空白(41~45)。要求考生从6个选项中选出5个概括或揭示各段落主旨大意的语句或标题，将答案分别填入各段前的空白处。

　　这4个题型尽管形式各异，但目的却相同，即考查考生对文章的总体结构、内容的连贯性、一致性、逻辑性及语段的特征、接续关系、主旨大意等的理解与识别能力。前2个题型侧重考查对整体篇章结构和上下文之间关系的理解及运用能力。后2个题型则偏重考查对语段的主旨或部分内容的理解与概括能力。

　　所谓“备选题型”意即每次考试仅择其一进行考查，而非这些题型同时出现；但也就是说，这4个题型中的任何一个都有可能在试卷中出现。因此，就考生而言，这4个题型都应纳入备考范围，才能做到“有备无患”。

　　为帮助考生熟悉并掌握这些备选题型的内容形式、结构特征、评价目标及解题方法，本书各套试卷中分别提供了不同的题型，并在［解析］中分析了该题型的特点和解题思路及方法，供读者参考。

　　41. ［答案］ E

　　［解析］ 这是上述备选题型中的第4个，即为5个语段选配适合其内容的概括语或标题。

　　此题型的特点，解题的思路和方法：

　　1)文章完整，可首先快速通读全文，掌握全文的主旨大意。此题文章的起始段表明，此文是批驳环境危机和资源危机之说的。

　　2)研读标有空白的段落，把握该段的主要内容。此语段列举了地球所供养人口的数量，从过去的100万增加到今天的60亿，而且人们现在比过去生活得更健康。

　　3)仔细研读文章前面的6个语句或标题，找出适合所读语段内容的答案。值得特别注意的是，所给的6个选项并非都很直白，有的须从其总体含意上分析理解，有的则可由其关键词语发现答案线索。41题的答案便是根据E项中的关键词less habitable(更不适于居住)确定的，因为只有此段内容能回答E这个问题，尽管这个回答是否定的。

　　42. ［答案］ C

　　［解析］ 此段大意说，爱护人类的人们并未对人类能战胜自然力而欢呼雀跃。相反，他们哀叹人口过多，他们wring their hands(扭绞双手<表示忧虑>)，认为人口增长必然产生许多问题，物质资源会进一步减少。这就是说，这些人的忧虑是unfounded(莫须有的)。这正是C项表达的意思，其中humanists(人道主义者)相当于文中的lovers of humanity。

　　43. ［答案］ A

　　［解析］ 此段首句表明了它的主旨：人口或收入增长造成的资源短缺，使我们比未发生短缺时生活得更富裕。接着举例予以证实。在余下的4个选项中，A项最能概括此意：“坏事可以变成好事”。

　　44. ［答案］ F

　　［解析］ 此段第1句用历史事实证明，原料并非越用越匮乏，从而批驳了对资源危机的通常看法。据此判断，F项适用于此段。

　　45. ［答案］ D

　　［解析］ 此段主要说明，美好的未来不会自动到来，需要人们全力以赴地解决问题、攻克难关，才能实现。据此分析，D项“自助者天助”这一成语恰好概括了此段的中心思想。

　　B项未被选用，而且可以先行排除，因为它与第一段所表达的全文主旨思想(“环境和资源危机的看法是完全错误的”)明显背道而驰。

　　Part C

　　46. ［答案］ 在欧洲，限制有害物质(RoHS)指令禁止在欧盟各国销售的新电子产品中使用各种有毒材料；而在美国加州，移动电话零售商现在必须回收并再利用旧手机。

　　［解析］ 这是由“whereas”连接的并列句，结构简单清楚，总体上可按原句顺译。只是前一分句末的分词短语“sold in...”修饰“new electronic products,”译汉时须调整位置。

　　47. ［答案］ 然而，绿色和平组织认为，不同公司的环境保护程度有很大差别，于是这一环保游说团体于2006年8月发起了一场新的反电子垃圾运动。

　　［解析］ 此句翻译注意两点：1) “how green”中的how表示“程度”，green意为“环境保护的”，故译作“环境保护程度”。2) “an environmental lobby group”本是“Greenpeace”的同位语，其后带有“that”定语从句修饰它，根据句意逻辑，这里将其合译为表示结果的句子“于是(或因此)……”。

　　48. ［答案］ 要想在绿色和平组织的排行榜上位列前茅，各厂商必须保证其产品和生产过程中都不含PVC(聚氯乙烯)和RoHS清单上未列的一些BFRs(溴化阻燃剂)。

　　［解析］ 提醒三点：1)　句首的不定式短语“To do well(取得好成绩)...rankings(排名／位次)”为目的状语，译文应体现出来。2)　“make sure(确保，设法保证)”后接of sth. 或that,此处省了that。3)　句尾的定语从句“that are not...”应修饰“some BFRs”；其中PVC、BFRs中有生词，可不必翻译，照抄即可。

　　49. ［答案］ 然而，戴尔公司在这方面及产品回收率上成绩优良，但却因未逐步清除PVC和BFRs而丢了分，尽管它已制定了消除这些物质的最后期限。

　　［解析］ 此句末尾虽有“though”引入的让步状语从句，但可按原句顺译。句中“scores well”意为“得好分；取得良好成绩”；“phase out”：“逐步废除；逐步淘汰”。

　　50. ［答案］ 苹果公司的成绩很差，因为它未完全清除这些化学物质，也没有为此规定期限；因为它不提供受控物质的翔实清单，也未按照绿色和平组织的要求采取足够的预防措施。

　　［解析］ “because”从句中有4个并列谓语，前两个为现在完成时，后两个为一般现在时，现将两部分分译，中间重复“because”。句末的“taste”意为“兴趣，爱好”，据句意逻辑译为“按……的要求”。

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　51.［参考样文］

　　Dear Madam or Sir,

　　I am a university graduate of Economics, preparing to sit for the entrance test for MA of your School. Im eager to know what subjects and their scopes are to be tested, and what question patterns are to be used. Id be very grateful if I could get a copy of printed outlines or descriptions of them.

　　Im also concerned with your planned enrolments. Do you have any extra quota for enrolment?

　　Itd be nice if you inform me whether you will offer any pretest guiding or training courses and materials. How can I get them, if any?

　　Thank you for your time on my enquiries. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Truly yours,

　　Li Ming

　　Part B

　　52.［参考样文］

　　The scene in the picture is shocking: the severe drought has turned the farmland into cracked pieces of baren soil. A helpless farmer is gazing at the cloudless sky in despair with driedup shoots in his hands. Obviously, what he wishes for is nothing but a long due rainfall, for continuous drought must result in crop failure followed by famine.

　　Traditionally, drought has been regarded as one of natural disasters. But nowadays it involves environmental impact of manmade pollutions, especially the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes hazardous changes in the earth climate, such as global warming, droughts, floods and so on. There are the natures punishment and revenge on humans for their selfish conduct.

　　To survive the crisis requires global efforts in many ways: decreasing energy consumption, reducing and finally banning discharge of harmful exhaust fumes and substances into the air, saving fresh water resources, improving irrigation systems, etc. In brief, we are eating what we have sown, and we have to pay the price for the consequence. It is no exaggeration to say that our existence would be impossible unless we resort to environmentally friendly remedies.

　　Model Test 1 重点阅读文章参考译文

　　Text 2

　　研究人员说，到2015年，全球将有一半人口会说英语或者学习英语。英国委员会预测说，未来十年内会有20亿人学习英语，会说英语的人口将达到30亿。

　　其他语种，比如法语，将会沦落成“语言全球化”的牺牲品。不过据《英语的未来》的作者大卫·格兰德说，英语的蓬勃发展将终止于2050年，此后，英语语言教学自身将会成为英语扩张的受害者。

　　格兰德的研究建立在电脑模型的基础上，考虑到了全球对英语语言教学的种种需求。这位在电视大学专攻教育和语言研究达25年之久的研究者指出，该模型还纳入了从现在到2050年间学生人数的可能性变化。

　　该模型的编纂综合考虑了多方因素，涵盖了联合国教科文组织在教育规定、人口预测、政府教育方针和留学生流动指数等多方面。此外，教育改革，以及包括像中国的计划生育政策等会影响世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉数予以考虑了。

　　在研究发现的基础上，格兰德先生预计说，英语浪潮将会波及全球。许多国家，尤其是刚独立不久的国家，基于实用目的，都会引入英语教学。

　　“鉴于英语在商业圈中的主导地位，这些国家为了能在有利可图的外购合约等等商业活动中得以展开竞争，就会从幼儿园开始大力推广英语。”

　　在马来西亚的初中，包括数学、科学等科目都是用英语授课的。然而，随着学生英语水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英语授课，英语科目本身的教学需求将呈下降趋势。

　　格兰德先生预测说，英语的发展将止于2050年。英语学生将从20亿锐减至5亿。随着英语在全球的扩展，越来越多的人将会两种语言甚至多种语言，这在商业界是极为有利的。但是英国人学习其他语言的名声却一向欠佳。

　　报告还表明，英语并不是惟一向全球扩张的语言，全世界也不会被英语一统天下，世界将会是多语并存的。格兰德先生说，汉语、阿拉伯语和西班牙语都很流行，也都可能会成为世界主要语种。