12. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium. A. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium. B. Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses. C. Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses. D. Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses. E. New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
1 代词指代：当有多个可以指代的对象时，选用代词容易造成混淆。 A do … , because B …. Ｂ如果用代词需要考虑指代是否指向A 合理
2 平行结构： formulas （for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity ）do not apply to them in the same way as （formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do） to established big businesses. 在不引起歧义的前提下， in the same way as 后面可以省略主语和谓语。 主谓宾 平行词 （主谓）宾 ===》比较的主体是前后的宾语， 前后的主谓一致，主谓 省略· new small businesses are not subject to（ the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity） in the same way as established big businesses 主谓宾 平行词 主谓宾 ===》比较的主体是前后的主语， 前后的宾语一致，只能省略宾语。主语后有宾语部分，比较部分的主语后的系动词不能省，因为很容易造成后面的主语和前面的宾语比较的问题。
3 词法： are not subject to the same applicability of 歧义而且不简洁。The same way as 合理。 To X the same as to Y, 伽利略人在船头的那道题。
4 逻辑意思清晰：先原因,后结果,表达的意思清晰明确 有三种结构： 1）Because A , B . 2）B, because A 3）B because A 逗号很关键,没有逗号会引起歧义， because的优选结构是1）和2）. 不用B because A(强调歧意)
例句 Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused by the desire to be as thin as possible. (A) Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused by the desire to be as thin as possible. (分词词组修饰的是good eating habits, 明显错误. 显然 good eating habits are caused by the desire to be as thin as possible是不合逻辑的. Caused by 表示直接导致) (B) Good eating habits sometimes fail to be maintained by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts caused by desiring to be as thin as possible. 同choice A (C) Because they desire to be as thin as possible, good eating habits are sometimes not maintained by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts. (D) Because they desire to be as thin as possible, young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits. (E) Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits because they desire to be as thin as possible. 先原因,后结果,表达的意思清晰明确