文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:11:17 13:23:50
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily(修饰because) rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because(可暂时不看,但要记住这里讲过了不从银行借钱的原因) they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations*3 have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital*3B*3C. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally*3E to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories (depository: n.存放处) for dues (due: n. [复]应付款) collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants*8 in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms*8D. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.(四项大列举基本不用看细节,只要找出关键词,如果考到了再回来查就好了)
1. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be part of a self-help network*1?