1. Toughened hiring standards have not been the primary cause of the present staffing shortage in public schools. The shortage of teachers is primarily caused by the fact that in recent years teachers have not experienced any improvements in working conditions and their salaries have not kept pace with salaries in other professions.Which of the following, if true, would most support the claims above? (A) Many teachers already in the profession would not have been hired under the new hiring standards. (B) Today more teachers are entering the profession with a higher educational level than in the past. (C) Some teachers have cited higher standards for hiring as a reason for the current staffing shortage. (D) Many teachers have cited low pay and lack of professional freedom as reasons for their leaving the profession. (E) Many prospective teachers have cited the new hiring standards as a reason for not entering the profession.
2. A proposed ordinance requires the installation in new homes of sprinklers automatically triggered by the presence of a fire. However, a home builder argued that because more than ninety percent of residential fires are extinguished by a household member, residential sprinklers would only marginally decrease property damage caused by residential fires.Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the home builder’s argument? (A) Most individuals have no formal training in how to extinguish fires. (B) Since new homes are only a tiny percentage of available housing in the city, the new ordinance would be extremely narrow in scope. (C) The installation of smoke detectors in new residences costs significantly less than the installation of sprinklers. (D) In the city where the ordinance was proposed, the average time required by the fire department to respond to a fire was less than the national average. (E) The largest proportion of property damage that results from residential fires is caused by fires that start when no household member is present.
3. Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members’ inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if which of the following were inserted into the argument as an additional premise? (A) Royalties from inventions are higher than royalties from educational software programs. (B) Faculty members are more likely to produce educational software programs than inventions. (C) Inventions bring more prestige to universities than do books and articles. (D) In the experience of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable than are books and articles. (E) In terms of the criteria used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions.
4. Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol levels by increasing the body’s capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol. Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above? (A) Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream. (B) Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life. (C) Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans. (D) A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals. (E) Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight.
5. When limitations were in effect on nuclear-arms testing, people tended to save more of their money, but when nuclear-arms testing increased, people tended to spend more of their money. The perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe, therefore, decreases the willingness of people to postpone consumption for the sake of saving money.The argument above assumes that (A) the perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe has increased over the years (B) most people supported the development of nuclear arms (C) people’s perception of the threat of nuclear catastrophe depends on the amount of nuclear-arms testing being done (D) the people who saved the most money when nuclear-arms testing was limited were the ones who supported such limitations (E) there are more consumer goods available when nuclear-arms testing increases