文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:11:14 12:43:51
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网
第二个大原因:不能增加收入It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited*5E有限制的, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. 问题的解决Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. 第一种解决方案Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline(-) because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. 第二种解决方案Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible(-). 第三种解决方案Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous(-). 承上启下This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth*8B, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants*8. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans(主题词), known as goyo-kin御用金. although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield( ). Unfortunately(-), they pushed up prices*9A. Thus, regrettably*9, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from