[常见错误] 一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。 1.主语是单数,谓语却是复数形式,或反之,主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中: ①主谓倒装结构; ②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语; ③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语; ④主语带有with或such as等附加成分; ⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句; ⑥某些固定结构。 2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是: ①在数上不一致; ②在人称上不一致; ③在格上不一致; ④出现在从属结构中。 例句: On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题) (答案:B were,倒装结构,主语是hundreds of…) The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products. (答案:D affects,主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语) Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) . (答案:C is,主语是动名词短语) The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations. (答案:B is planning,主语有附加语) There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community. (答案:D do not,第二个关系代词which作主语,先行词是services) One of the world’s largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit. (答案:B lies,主语是one) George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job. (答案:C have,与先行词students一致) Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car. (答案:D owns,与先行词one一致) 注意:上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。 Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) . (答案:C has been,与a problem在语法上一致) It was during the 1920’s that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point. (答案:C its,指代friendship,在数上一致) Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect. (答案:C he,指代a person,在人称上一致) It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) . (答案:D to pay them,指代debts,在人称和数上一致) His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) . (答案:D his,指代his position,在格上一致) [辨错思路] 1.一般说来,测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分,因此,考生应仔细阅读句子,找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线,就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。 2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是,如果谓语应是单数,谓语前面的名词往往是复数;如果谓语应是复数,谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5),以形成假象,增大辨错难度。 3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首,谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨错时注意这一规律。 4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义,考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念,进而分析谓语动词是否有误。 5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时,要分辨代词是否正确,关键是要搞清楚指代对象,然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。 [改错要领] 在纠正一致关系错误时,除了了解一般的单复数概念外,还应掌握下列各特殊情况。 1.貌似单数、实是复数的词,包括data等不规则变化的复数名词,和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。 2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词,包括表示学科的词如politics;固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。 注意:上面两种情况切不可望形生义。 3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数,如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时,谓语则用复数。 4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时,该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。 5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况: one of 复数名词 关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是复数名词,从句中谓语用复数。 the only one 复数名词 关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是one,从句中谓语用单数。 6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时,谓语的数视名词的冠词而变:是不定冠词a,用复数;是定冠词the,用单数。 a number of…一些… the number of……的数量 a variety of……各种各样的… 注意:the majority of 复数名词, "…的大多数",谓语用复数。 7.四组并列连词连接的主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语: either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。 8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式,而不考虑主语数的实际意义: many a 单数名词谓语用单数 more than one 单数名词谓语用单数 a great good many 复数名词谓语用复数 9.由each, every修饰的名词,用第三人称单数指代。 10."those of 人称代词"构成短语时,指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致: those of us our those of you your 11.注意it is的缩写形式it’s与代词it的所有格形式its的区别,参见样题辨错改错(9)。