In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as "INCOTERMS 1936". Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. The latest edition is "INCOTERMS 2000", which include 13 different international trade terms.
Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations. They specify at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities. A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
Here six major trade terms are discussed. The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR and CIF, while FCA, CPT and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.
They are suitable for any mode of transport and will be more widely used.
In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as "INCOTERMS 1936".
这句句子的难点在前半句.我们可以把句子简化成:
To provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade.
2.1 interpretation "解释、说明"
2.2 trade terms "贸易术语、贸易条款、贸易条件"
trade practices "贸易惯例,贸易实践"
trade contract "贸易合同"
trade fair "贸易交易会"
domestic trade "国内贸易"
foreign trade "对外贸易"
句子中其他需要解释的地方还有:
2.3 uniform = the same
2.4 commonly = generally, usually "通常地、一般地、普遍地"
2.5 be known as "通称为,以…著称"
3. 我们把两句句子连在一起看, 注释的重点应放在前一句:
Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. The latest edition is "INCOTERMS 2000", which include 13 different international trade terms.
3.1 later / latest
(1) Later amendments and additions were … 第一句
(2) The latest edition is "INCOTERMS 2000",… 第二句
我们需要注意这样一个字型形似的问题:
表示时间概念上的比较级和最高级: late - later - latest
(晚的 - 稍后,随后 - 最近的,最新的)
表示顺序概念上的比较级和最高级: late - latter - last
(晚的 - 后面的 - 最后的)
3.2 amendment and addition were made to it …
(1) amend (尤指对规则、法律、声明等条款所作的)"修正,修订,修改".
名词: amendment (做可数名词时的解释.)
这些相关联的名词还有:
revise (尤指为改正或修订而仔细阅读并)"校订,修订".
例如: a revised edition (修订版)
名词: revision
modify (尤指轻微的)"修改,更改".
名词: modification
edition (书籍、报刊等)"版本,版次".
例如: the latest edition
动词: edit
publication "出版物".
动词: publish
(2) addition 原意是"增加物". 这里指添加的条款或内容.
3.3 (be) in line (with) = in agreement with
(与…齐的,与…平的,引申为与…相同,与…一致,与…相适应)
反义词: (be) out of line (with)
3.4 current = of the present time (现今的,时下的,当代的)
4. 句子:
Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations.
我们可以换成这样一句句子来加以理解:
Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation. 即贸易商都必须承担(bear)各自相关的责任和义务.
4.1 responsibility / obligation / duty / be responsible for sth.
4.1.1 responsibility = duty 解释 "责任", 其涵义在于:
出于法律、道德、职业等要求必须对他人承担或履行的责任.这是一个比较正规的用词.
4.1.2 obligation = duty 解释 "义务", 其涵义在于:
强调因为合同、承诺、道义等因素而产生的约束力.尤其是指来自于外部的具体的、明确的约束力.这是一个比较正规的用词,当该词做可数名词用的时候,是指"个人的本职或具体的工作". 它的反义词是 right (权利)