2008毕金献阅读理解电子书节选（3）

文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:04:30 08:35:26
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网

Unit1

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

Text 3

　　There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.

　　In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

　　An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

　　In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition. every persons place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.

Notes:barter 以货易货

11. The main purpose of the text is to

［A］ interpret the essence of general economics.

［B］ compare barter and cash-exchange markets.

［C］ outline contrasting types of economic systems.

［D］ argue for the superiority of a certain economy.

12. The word "real" in "real goods"(Par.2) could best be replaced by

［A］ genuine.［B］ practical.［C］ durable.［D］ substantial.

13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead to

［A］ unfair transaction.［B］ direct conflicts.

［C］ gradual deflation.［D］ trading troubles.

14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction of

［A］ major economic organizations.

［B］ general public advisory body.

［C］ large commercial companies.

［D］ certain official departments.

15. All of the following are mentioned as factors determining ones place in a traditional society EXCEPT

［A］ family background.

［B］ age and education.

［C］ religious beliefs.

［D］ established experience.

【答案】C B D D B

【译文】

　　单个经济单位相互作用的方式多种多样。三种基本方式是：市场体制、管理体制和传统体制。

　　在市场体制下，单个经济单位在市场上自由地相互交易，可以同其他经济单位进行商品买卖。在市场上通过实物或货币交换来交易。在易货经济中，汽车、鞋子、匹萨这样的实物相互交换。很明显，要找一个愿意用一艘帆船来换我一辆旧车的人，可能并不总是件容易的事。所以，引入货币作媒介大大减轻了交易难度。在现代市场经济中，就是用货币来买卖商品或服务的。

　　与市场体制不同，管理体制是由某一机构管控所有交易。该机构将颁布法令或命令，规定每个经济单位应该生产、交换、消费每一种商品和服务的数量。这种经济的一个管理方式是中央规划：政府制定中央计划，规定各企业生产以及分配给不同家庭消费的每种商品的数量。这个例子说明了对整个经济的生产、消费和交易的全面规划。

　　在传统社会里，生产和消费模式由传统控制。每个人在经济体制中的地位是由出身、宗教和习俗确定的。交易也依传统习惯进行。属于同一团体或社会阶层的人可能有义务关照他人，为他们提供食宿，照料他们的健康，并给他们提供教育。很明显，在一个只能依照传统作一切决定的体制下，社会很难有发展。这样就会导致社会停滞不前。