主语是谓语叙述的对象,主要由名词或起名词作用的词、短语或从句来充当,其中包括: 代词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和名词性从句,如: The bread smells sour. She is my student. Six will be enough. Seeing is believing. To complete that building in one year was a great achievement. What I told you was important.
1.直接宾语与间接宾语两者表示的都是动作的承受者或结果。直接宾语表示动词作用的对象,通常指的是物; 间接宾语表示动作所指向的人,一般位于直接宾语之前,如果间接宾语位于直接宾语之后,则由介词to, for等引出,成为介词间接宾语。如: They amuse me. (直接宾语) They can please themselves. (直接宾语) I give them (间接宾语) some candies (直接宾语)。 They give some books (直接宾语) to me (间接宾语)。
2.同源宾语同源宾语在结构上与某些及物动词有关联,以名词形式重复动词的全部或部分意义,是一种特殊的直接宾语。 He will sing a song for us .同源宾语只是一种习惯用法,并非任何动词都可以接同源宾语。另外,有的同源宾语只是重复动词的意义,从词源角度来看两个词并不同源。如: She only slept a wink last night.
3.形式宾语通常用it填补一个较长宾语,这个it就是所谓的形式宾语。如: I think it a pity to waste the food.有些动词不能直接跟that分句,就得用it作形式宾语。如: I take it that you can overcome the difficulty yourself.
1.主语补语主语补语用来补充主语的意义,描述主语的特征,位于连系动词之后,说明主语的身份、性质和特征。 主语补语通常由形容词词组、名词词组、介词词组、副词词组或非限定动词词组担任,在复合句中可由名词性分句担任。 The children are at the zoo. (介词词组作补语) It turns out a success. (名词词组作补语) The living room is upstairs. (副词词组作补语) To see is to believe. (不定式结构作补语) 主语补语通常位于系动词之后,但有时可以位于句首,如: Clever as the boy was, he passed the exam.
2.宾语补语宾语补语用来表示宾语的身份、性质、特征和动作,与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,如: We chose him our monitor. I regard the work as easy. I found her an apartment. We invited him to speak at the meeting.主动语态中的宾语补语在句子变成被动语态后即成为主语补语,如: He was invited to speak at the meeting. The problem is considered as of no importance.
状语来源:www.examda.com
状语是指修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子成分。副词(短语)、介词短语、名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)和从句都可作状语。 多数状语在省略后并不影响句意的完整性,称之为任意性状语,如: They are dancing (hand in hand)。 I heard the singing (in the distance)。 但有些状语在句子中是必不可少的,称之为必具性状语,如: She lived in Australia. Our products sell very well.来源:www.examda.com