关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如: they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词 which"结构,因此常常和"介词 which"结构交替使用,例如: there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。 is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词 which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如: his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: this is the mountain village where i stayed last year. i ll never forget the days when i worked together with you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。) (错) this is the mountain village where i visited last year. (错) i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside. (对) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year. (对) i ll never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? a. where b. that c. on which d. the one 例2. is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. a. where b. that c. on which d. the one 答案:例1 d,例2 a
例1变为肯定句: this museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句: this is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选d。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选a。