定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: (1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: the fern(蕨类), the wallflower (2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: the first woman, the nineteenth century 但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby (3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: the largest city, the most advanced technology (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: the development of the watch, (5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 在下列情况下,一般不用the: (1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) (2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) (3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… (4) 一些固定词组中,如: in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 乘车的词组: by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 打球的词组: play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of t he committee. 不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名 词:
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名 词专用另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the re st of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 有些形容词本身就具有“比….年长”、“ 比…..优越”等含义,因此也就没有比 较级 和最高级。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和 to连用,而不和than连用。
有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义,所以就没有最高级和比较级。如: absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的), right(对 的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称 为绝 对形容词 对于most来讲,除了构成某些词最高级外,most的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为 改错 题的考点: 1. 当most表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别 为: most 名词,如:most people, most Indian tribes; most of 限定词 名词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us, m ost of the modern artists 2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词,如: a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal 例题: (1) The most substances expand in volume when they are heated. A B C D 答案:A 应改为:Most 解释:most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”, 没必 要加the. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonme tals A B C oxygen and silicon are more still abundant. D 考点:程度副词 答案:D 应改为:still more 解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前 几点参考规则: 1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: She sings very well. I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错) 2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly 当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错) 3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如: He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后) 4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: only, even, still, perhaps, etc. 第四节 容易混淆的词 D 考点:程度副词 答案:D 应改为:still more 解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前 几点参考规则: 1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: She sings very well. I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错) 2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly 当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错) 3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如: He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后) 4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: only, even, still, perhaps, etc. 第四节 容易混淆的词 hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词) close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词) near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (ad j.邻近的) most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词) late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv .稍后的) high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的) 另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都 是形 容词 作主语:不定式短语可作主语 如:To see is to believe (百闻不如一见) To work hard should be your major concern. 注意:由于英文不习惯句子主语过长,不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第 十七章) 例如上面第二句可以变为: It should be your major concern to work hard.
又如: It is very nice of you to help me 不定式常接在名词之后作定语,如: something to read, nothing to do, anything to decla re, a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc. 由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系,因此不及物动词之后必须加 上相 搭配的介词(例如上面的complain of, talk to) 不定式定语还可表示将来的含义,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June 独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (独立 主格) 对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word. 在TOEFL考试中,经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错
反身代词的用法 可以用来做宾语: He hurt himself when he fell. 可以用来做表语: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服) 反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示“亲自”的意思 I myself do it. I do it myself. They made the research themselves. 但是不能够说:Himself does it. 应改为: He does it. This is himself’s book.. 应改为:This is his own book.. 牢记make possible的三种形式: 1. make 名词 possible; His financial aid makes this trip possible. 2. make possible 名词(名词短语较长时) His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese student’s entering of th e world famous university. 3. make it possible (for sb.)to do (见形式宾语部分) The father’s hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better ed ucation. 定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种,其主要区别为: 1. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。 2. 非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that, 在修饰人时用who, whom, whose He had three children, all of whom had graduated from college. 在修饰物时用 which 部分状语从句可以省略,在填空题中时有出现 如:Although defeated, he did not lose heart. (从句中省略了he was) If inFORMed timely, I wouldn’t have missed the meeting. (从句中省略了 I were)
注意: 当现在完成时的时间状语是for 一段时间(已经有…时间了), 和since 一个 时间点(自从…以来)的时候, 句中的谓语不能是非延续性动词(暂短性动词), 如不 能说: I have borrowed the book for ten days. (错误: borrow这个动作是发生在图书 出纳 台上的一次性动作, 不能延续, 因此不能和for引导的时间状语连用) 应改为: I have kept the book for ten days. 这样的暂短性动词还有: buy/sell, break, die, graduate, 0drop等