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Topic 5 Environment – population –pollution- Animal
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Section 1: population -urbanisation.
1. In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
2. Factors affecting population growth and effects of population control programme.
Factors affecting population growth:
- the level of medical care available.
- The availability of food
- Attitudes to family size.
- The rate of death amongst children and adults ->； inconfidient that their children will survive.
Aims of population control programme:
- reduce child mortality by better medical care available
- Effect: In long term, giving parents more confidence that their children will survive.
- Make family planning information and services accessible.
- Encourage the idea of small families
3. In the late twentieth century, the proportion of the worlds population living in cities has increased substantially. People have moved in ever-growing numbers from rural to urban areas. As migration from rural areas to cities continues, it is inevitable that the infrastructure in these cities will collapse. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
4. The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population. This is causing problems not only for poor, undeveloped countries, but also for industrialised and developing nations. Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes, and suggest at least one possible solution. 101 hints –165
Consequences:
- In poor countries it is difficult to provide enough food to feed even the present number of people. In addition, education to limit the number of children per family is not always successful
- Poorer countries usually have a lot of unemployment too, and an increase in population simply majes the situation worse.
- The environment also suffers when there are too many people living on the land.
- In rich, industrialised and developing countries it is very difficult for governments to provide effective public services in overcrowded cities.
- Moreover, there is usually a great deal more crime, which is often due to high rates of unemployed. Further large increases in population only cause more overcrowding, unemployment and crime.
Solution:
- Everywoman who is pregnant, but who does not want to give birth, should be allowed by law to have an abortion.
- Governments must educate people to limit the size of family.
- In China, couples are punished financially if they have more than one child. This may seem cruel, but the “one –child –policy” is beginning to have an effect in the world’s most populous nation. Eventually, similar policies might also be neccesary in other crowded nations such as India, for example.
5. Some governments say how many children a family can have in their country. They may control the number of children someone has through taxes. It is sometimes neccesary and right for a government to control the population in this way. Do you agree or disagree? – cambridge 2 –165.- Reasons for government to control the population:
- In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished.
- Countries can be faced with a population that is growing much faster than the nation’s food resources or employment opportunities and whose members can be condemned to poverty by the need to feed extra mouths.
；Population control as a means of raising livingè standard.
Solution:
- The best approach would be to work by persuasion rather than compulsion.
- Clearly, this whole area is a very delicate personal and cultural issue. Many people feel that this is not a matter of the state. They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves.
- This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a smaller family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members, as well as less strain on the country’s, perhaps very limited, resources.